Effect of Panax ginseng Extracts on Haematology and Serum Biochemistry of Adult New Zealand White Rabbit Bucks

Tobechukwu Chijioke Iwuji, Udo Herbert, Mary A. Oguike

Abstract


This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of Panax ginseng extracts (PGEs) on haematology and serum biochemistry of adult New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit bucks. The experiment lasted for 4 weeks and 24 rabbits were used; which were divided into 3 treatment groups replicated 4 times in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD). The treatments, MT1, MT2 and MT3 contained 0.0, 200.0 and 400.0 mg/ml of PGEs, respectively. Result of haematological analysis shows that Panax ginseng extracts significantly (p<0.05) increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV), white blood cell (WBC) count and percentage heterophil and significantly (p<0.05) decreased percentage lymphocytes in the rabbits. Result of serum biochemical analysis of the rabbits shows that PGEs significantly (p<0.05) increased total protein, globulin, urea and aspartate transaminase (AST), while serum albumin-globulin ratio, glucose and cholesterol were significantly (p<0.05) reduced. The results of this study suggests improved haematological and serum biochemical characteristics of adult NZW rabbit bucks administered PGEs, especially with reference to immunity and protein synthesis roles.

Key words: Blood, Ginseng, Immunity, Protein synthesis, Rabbits


Keywords


Blood, Ginseng, Immunity, Protein synthesis, Rabbits

Full Text:

PDF

References


Ahn, J. Y., Song, J. Y., Yun, Y. S., Jeong, G. and Choi, I. S. (2006). Protection of Staphylococcus aureus-infected septic mice by suppression of early acute inflammation and enhanced antimicrobial activity by ginsan. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 46 (2), 187 - 197.

Ang-Lee, M. K., Moss, J., and Yuan, C. S. (2001). Herbal medicines and perioperative care. JAMA, 286 (2), 208 – 216.

Assan, N. (2014). Micro-livestock farming and food security in Sub Saharan Africa. Journal of Animal Production Advances, 4 (4), 374 – 387.

Baeg, In-Ho, and Seung-Ho So. (2013). The world ginseng market and the ginseng. Journal of Ginseng Research, 37 (1), 1 – 7.

Burke, J. (1994). Clinical care and medicine of pet rabbit. In: Proceedings of the Michigaan Veterinary Conference, 49 – 77.

Cho, J. Y., Yoo, E. S., Baik, K. U., Park, M. H., and Han, B. H. (2001). In vitro inhibitory effect of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production and its modulation by known TNF-alpha antagonists. Planta Medica, 67 (3), 213 - 218.

De Jong, J. R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Onghena, P., Cuypers, C., den Hollander, M. and Ruijgrok, J. (2005). Reduction of pain-related fear in complex regional pain syndrome type 1: The application of graded exposure in vivo. Pain, 116, 264 – 275.

Dein, F. J. (1984). Laboratory manual of avian haematology. Association of Avian Veterinarians, East Northport, NY.

Dial, S. M. (1995). Clinic pathological evaluation of the liver. Veterinary Clinic, North American Smal. Animal Practice, 25, 257 – 293.

Elgaml, S. A. (2014). Ameliorative effect of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) on selenium induced hepatic toxicity in broilers. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2 (9), 645 - 653.

El-Raffa, A. M. (2004). Rabbit production in hot climates. Proceedings of 8th World Rabbit Congress. September 7 – 10. Pueblo, Mexico.

Fahim, M. S., Fahim, Z., Harman, J. M., Clevenger, T. E., Mullins, W. and Hafez, S. E. (1982). Effect of Panax ginseng on testosterone level and prostate in male rats. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 8 (4), 261 – 263.

Fielding D. (1991). Rabbits: The Tropical Agriculturalist, C.T.A. Macmillan Education Ltd. London and Basingstoke. 50 - 60.

Frandson, R. D., Wilke, W. L. and Fails, A. D. (2009). Anatomy and Physiology of Farm animals (7th edn). Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, USA.

Glock, I., Veit, M., and Blaschke, G. (2002). Determination of Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng using Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. Planta Medica, 68 (2), 158 - 161.

Hwang, S. Y., Son, D. J., Kim, I. W., Kim, D. M., Sohn, S. H., Lee, J. J. and Kim, S. K. (2008). Korean red ginseng attenuates hypercholesterolemia- enhanced platelet aggregation through suppression of diacylglycerol liberation in high-cholesterol-diet-fed rabbits. Phytother Res., (22), 778–783. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2363.

Iwuji, T. C. and Udo, Herbert. (2012). Evaluation of the growth promoting effect of Garcinia kola seeds in growing rabbits. Journal of Global Biosciences, 1, 1 – 4.

Iwuji, T. C., Herbert, U., Oguike, M. A. and Ogbuewu, I. P. (2018). Hematology and serum biochemistry of growing New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits administered Panax ginseng extracts. Comp Clin Pathol., 27 (6), 1691 - 1697.

Jain, N.C. (1986). Schalm’s Veterinary Haematology. 4th (edn).), Lea and Fabiger, Philadelphia, USA.

Jiangming, L., Haiwei, C. and Aisheng, W. (2000). Comparative study effect of Panax notoginseng and Ticlid in treating early diabetes nephropathy. Diabetes, 49, A376.

Khalil, W.K., Ahmed, K.A., Park, M.H., Kim, Y.T., Park, H.H. and Abdel-Wahhab, M.A. (2008). The inhibitory effects of garlic and Panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenoside Rg3 on the genotoxicity, biochemical, and histological changes induced by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in male rats. Archives of Toxicol., 82, 183-195.

Kim, M. H., Hong, H. D., Kim, Y. C., Rhee, Y. K., Kim, K. and Rho, J. (2010). Ginsenoside changes in red ginseng manufactured by acid impregnation treatment. Journal of Ginseng Research, 34, 93 – 97.

Kim, S. H., Park, K. S., Chang, M. J. and Sung, J. H. (2005). Effects of Panax ginseng extract on exercise-induced oxidative stress. Journal of Sports Medicine and. Physical Fitness, 45 (2), 178 - 182.

Kim, Y. A., Akoev, V. R. and Elemesov, R. E. (2000). Hyperosmotic hemolysis and antihemolytic activity of the saponin fraction and triterpene glycosides from Panax ginseng C A Meyer. Membrane Cell Biology, 14 (2), 237 - 251.

Lakshmi, T., Anitha, R. and Geetha, R. V. (2011). Panax ginseng – A universal panacea in the herbal medicine with diverse pharmacological spectrum – A review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 4 (1), 14 – 18.

Lee Y. Y., Park J. S., Lee E. J., Lee S. Y., Kim D. H., Kang J. L., et al. . (2015). Anti-inflammatory mechanism of ginseng saponin metabolite Rh3 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia: critical role of 5’-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. J. Agric. Food Chem. 63, 3472–3480.

Lee, B. H., Jeong, S. M., Lee, J. H., Kim, D. H., Kim, J. H., Kim, J. I., Shin, H. C., Lee, S. M., and Nah, S. Y. (2004). Differential effect of ginsenoside metabolites on the 5-HT3A receptor-mediated ion current in Xenopus oocytes. Molecles and Cells, 17 (1), 51 - 56.

Lee, H. U., Bae, E. A., Han, M. J., Kim, N. J., and Kim, D. H. (2005). Hepatoprotective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced liver injury. Liver International, 25 (5), 1069 - 1073.

Leung, K. W. and Wong, A. ST. (2013). Ginseng and male reproductive function. Spermatogenesis, 3 (3), e26391. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24381805

Mailafia, S., Onakpa, M. M. and Owoleke, O. E. (2010). Problems and prospects of rabbit production in Nigeria – A review. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Science, 3 (2), 20 – 25.

Metori, K., Furutsu, M. and Takahashi, S. (1997). The preventive effect of ginseng with du-zhong leaf on protein metabolism in aging. Biological and Pharmaceutical. Bulletin, 20 (3), 237 – 242.

Mitruka, B. M. and Rawnsley, H. M. (1977). Clinical, biochemical and haematological reference values in normal and experimental animals. Masson Publishing, USA, Inc., 83, 134 – 135.

Nah, J. J., Hahn, J. H., Chung, S., Choi, S., Kim, Y. I., and Nah, S. Y. (2000). Effect of ginsenosides, active components of ginseng, on capsaicin-induced pain-related behavior. Neuropharmacology, 8 – 23 – 39 (11), 2180 - 2184.

Obi, I. U. (1990). Statistical methods of detecting differences between treatment means. 2nd Edition Snaap Press Enugu, Nigeria.

Ogbuewu, I. P., Onyelekere, B. C., Etuk, I. F. and Ezeokeke, C. T. (2014). Physiological effect of egg laying on haematological and serum biochemical constituents of Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix Japonica). Nigerian Journaal of Animal Science, 16 (1), 85 – 93.

Ologhobo, A., Mosenthin, R. and Alaka, O. O. (2003). Histological alterations in the internal organs of growing chicks from feeding raw jackbean of limabean seeds. Verterinary and Human Toxicology, 45 (1), 10 – 13.

Oremosu, A. A., Arowosaye, V. O., Akang, E. N. and Bassey, R. B. (2013). Effects of Cissus populnea and Panax ginseng on flutamide-induced testicular defect in pre-pubertal male rats. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 3 (1), 173 – 181.

Pan, S. J., Ding, Z. and Ivy, J. L. (2002). Effects of six weeks of panax ginseng on triglycerides and MRNA profiles in an animal model of type II diabetes. International Scientific Conference on Complementary, Alternative and Integrative Medicine Research, April 12-14, Boston Massachusetts.

Peng, B., Du, J., Jia, Q., Qiao, A., Wu, Y., Liu, X., and Qiang, Q. (2001). The effect of salvia miltiorrhiza and shengmai on inflammatory mediator and renal function of post-operative patients with obstructive jaundice]. Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao; 32 (4), 587 - 589.

Salih, N. A. (2012). Effect of ginseng (Panax ginseng) on experimentally induced diabetes mellitus in male rabbits. Al-Anber Journal of Veterinary Science, 5 (1), 187 – 194.

Sandroni, P. (2001). Aphrodisiacs past and present: a historical review. Clinical Autonomic Research, 11 (5), 303 - 307.

Shimaa, A. E. (2014). Ameliorative effect of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) on selenium induced hepatic toxicity in broilers. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2 (9), 645 – 653.

Steel, R.G.O. and Torne (1986). Principles and procedures of Statistics. A biometric Approach. 2nd Edn. Mc. Graw – Hill Brook Co. Inc., New York.

Thrall, M.A. and Weiser, M.G. (2002). Haematology. In: Hendrix CM (Ed.) Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians. 4th ed. Mosby Inc. St. Louis, Missouri, Pp. 29 – 74.

Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2010). Anatomy and Physiology in health and illness (11th Edn). Churchill Livinstone ELSEVIER, China.

World Health Organization (WHO). (1981). Environmental health criteria for mycotoxins. World Health Organization, vol. 11. WHO, Geneva.

World Health Organization (WHO). (1999). Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants. Vol 1. Geneva, Switzerland. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js2200e.

Yan, L., Meng, Q. W., Lee, J. H., Wang, J. P. and Kim, I. H. (2011). Effects of dietary wild-ginseng adventitious root meal on growth performance, blood profiles, relative organ weight and meat quality in broiler chickens. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 24 (2), 258 – 263.

Yun, T. K., Choi, S. Y., and Yun, H. Y. (2001). Epidemiological study on cancer prevention by ginseng: are all kinds of cancers preventable by ginseng? Journal of Korean Medical Science, 16 Suppl: S19 - S27.

Zhang, Y. W., Dou, D. Q., Zhang, L., Chen, Y. J. and Yao, X. S. (2001). Effects of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng on cell-to-cell communication function mediated by gap junctions. Planta Medica, 67 (5), 417 - 422.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2018 Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.